The division between Shia and Sunni Muslims began after the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 CE. While there is no single person who can be said to have divided the two groups, the disagreement arose over the succession to the Prophet's leadership.
The main point of contention was the rightful successor to Muhammad:
- Shia Muslims believe that the Prophet designated his cousin and son-in-law, Ali ibn Abi Talib, as his successor. They see Ali as the first rightful Imam, and believe that leadership should pass down through his lineage.
- Sunni Muslims believe that the Prophet did not specifically name a successor, and that the community should choose the leader through consultation and consensus. They recognize the first four caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali) as legitimate leaders.
While the initial disagreement centered around the Prophet's successor, the division has deepened over time due to various factors, including:
- Different interpretations of Islamic law and practice.
- Political and social conflicts.
- Theological differences regarding the role of Imams and the nature of authority.
It is important to remember that Shia and Sunni Muslims share a common faith and many core beliefs. However, the historical and theological differences have shaped distinct identities and practices within Islam.
