A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction about a phenomenon, while a theory is a broader explanation for a set of observations or phenomena.
Hypothesis
- Definition: A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested through research. It is a specific statement that predicts a relationship between variables.
- Characteristics:
- Testable: It can be tested through empirical research.
- Falsifiable: It can be proven wrong through evidence.
- Specific: It clearly defines the variables and the expected relationship between them.
- Example: "Students who study for longer periods of time will perform better on exams."
Theory
- Definition: A theory is a well-substantiated explanation for a set of observations or phenomena. It is a broader framework that integrates and explains a wide range of findings.
- Characteristics:
- Supported by evidence: It is based on a large body of empirical research.
- Parsimonious: It provides a simple and concise explanation for complex phenomena.
- Predictive: It can be used to predict future observations.
- Example: "Cognitive dissonance theory" explains how individuals experience discomfort when their beliefs and actions are inconsistent, leading them to change their beliefs or behaviors.
Key Differences
| Feature | Hypothesis | Theory |
|---|---|---|
| Scope | Specific and narrow | Broad and encompassing |
| Level of Support | Tentative and testable | Well-supported and established |
| Purpose | To be tested through research | To explain and predict phenomena |
Relationship
A hypothesis can be used to test a specific aspect of a theory. If a hypothesis is repeatedly supported by evidence, it can contribute to the development and strengthening of a theory. However, a single hypothesis does not necessarily prove or disprove a theory.
Example
Consider the theory of attachment theory. This theory proposes that early childhood experiences with caregivers shape an individual's attachment style, which influences their relationships throughout life. A hypothesis derived from this theory might be: "Individuals with secure attachment styles will report higher levels of relationship satisfaction than individuals with insecure attachment styles."
This hypothesis can be tested through empirical research, and the results can contribute to the support or refinement of the broader attachment theory.
