Icterus, also known as jaundice, is a condition where the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes turn yellow due to a buildup of bilirubin in the blood.
What is bilirubin?
Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced when red blood cells break down. Normally, the liver processes bilirubin and removes it from the body. However, when the liver is not working properly, bilirubin can build up in the blood, causing icterus.
Causes of Icterus
There are several causes of icterus, including:
- Liver disease: This is the most common cause of icterus. Conditions that affect the liver, such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer, can prevent the liver from processing bilirubin properly.
- Biliary obstruction: This occurs when the bile ducts, which carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder and intestines, are blocked. This can be caused by gallstones, tumors, or inflammation.
- Hemolysis: This is the breakdown of red blood cells. When red blood cells break down faster than the liver can process bilirubin, it can lead to icterus.
- Gilbert's syndrome: This is a genetic condition that affects the liver's ability to process bilirubin.
- Crigler-Najjar syndrome: This is a rare genetic disorder that prevents the liver from processing bilirubin.
Symptoms of Icterus
The main symptom of icterus is yellowing of the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes. Other symptoms may include:
- Dark urine
- Clay-colored stools
- Fatigue
- Abdominal pain
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Loss of appetite
Treatment of Icterus
The treatment for icterus depends on the underlying cause. For example, if icterus is caused by a liver infection, antibiotics may be prescribed. If it is caused by a blockage in the bile ducts, surgery may be necessary.
When to See a Doctor
If you notice any signs of icterus, it is important to see a doctor right away. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent serious complications.
