Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) happens when stomach acid flows back up into the esophagus. This backward flow, known as reflux, can cause heartburn and other symptoms. Several factors can contribute to GERD:
- A weak lower esophageal sphincter (LES): The LES is a ring of muscle at the bottom of the esophagus that acts like a valve, preventing stomach contents from backing up. If the LES weakens or relaxes at the wrong time, acid can easily flow back into the esophagus.
- Hiatal hernia: A hiatal hernia occurs when part of the stomach bulges through the diaphragm, the muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen. This can weaken the LES and increase reflux.
- Certain foods and drinks: Spicy foods, fatty foods, chocolate, caffeine, and alcohol can trigger GERD symptoms.
- Smoking: Smoking weakens the LES and increases acid production, both contributing to GERD.
- Obesity: Excess weight puts pressure on the stomach, increasing the likelihood of acid reflux.
- Pregnancy: Hormonal changes during pregnancy can relax the LES, making reflux more common.
- Certain medications: Some medications, like aspirin and ibuprofen, can irritate the esophagus and contribute to GERD.
Understanding the causes of GERD can help individuals make lifestyle changes and work with their healthcare providers to manage symptoms effectively.
