The 180-degree rule, also known as the 180° rule, is a filmmaking technique that maintains a consistent screen direction for characters and objects within a scene. It ensures that the camera always stays on one side of an imaginary line, called the axis of action, which runs perpendicular to the direction of the action.
Understanding the Axis of Action
Imagine a scene where two characters are having a conversation. The axis of action is the invisible line that runs between them, perpendicular to their line of sight.
- Example: If Character A is on the left and Character B is on the right, the axis of action runs vertically between them.
Maintaining Consistency
The 180-degree rule dictates that the camera must stay on one side of this axis of action. This means that all shots within a scene must be taken from either the left or right side of the axis, never crossing over.
- Example: If a shot shows Character A from the left side of the axis, the next shot should also show Character A from the left side or show Character B from the right side of the axis.
Why is the 180-degree Rule Important?
- Spatial Continuity: The 180-degree rule helps maintain the illusion of spatial continuity, making the scene feel natural and believable.
- Clear Screen Direction: It ensures that the characters and objects maintain consistent screen directions, avoiding confusion for the audience.
- Audience Engagement: By maintaining continuity, the rule helps keep the audience engaged and focused on the action.
Breaking the 180-degree Rule
While the 180-degree rule is generally followed, it can be broken strategically to create specific effects:
- Disorientation: Crossing the axis can create a sense of disorientation or confusion, often used in action sequences or dream sequences.
- Shift in Perspective: Breaking the rule can shift the audience's perspective, revealing new information or emphasizing a character's change in attitude.
Tips for Applying the 180-degree Rule
- Establish the Axis of Action: Clearly define the axis of action at the beginning of a scene.
- Use Shot Lists: Create a shot list that includes the camera position and direction for each shot.
- Use a "Line" on Set: Mark the axis of action on the set with tape or other markers to ensure consistency.
