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How does a rechargeable Li-ion battery work?

Published in Battery Technology 2 mins read

A rechargeable Li-ion battery stores energy by moving lithium ions between two electrodes, an anode (negative) and a cathode (positive), through a liquid or gel-like electrolyte.

How it works:

  1. Charging: When you plug in your device, the battery charges. This process forces lithium ions to move from the anode to the cathode, creating an electrical potential.
  2. Discharging: When you use your device, the battery discharges. The lithium ions move back from the cathode to the anode, releasing energy as electrical current.

Key Components:

  • Anode: Typically made of graphite, stores lithium ions during charging.
  • Cathode: Made of different materials like lithium cobalt oxide or lithium iron phosphate, accepts lithium ions during charging.
  • Electrolyte: Acts as a conductor, allowing lithium ions to move between electrodes.

Advantages of Li-ion batteries:

  • High energy density: They can store a lot of energy in a small package.
  • Long cycle life: They can be recharged many times before needing replacement.
  • Fast charging: They can charge quickly, making them convenient.

Examples of Li-ion battery use:

  • Smartphones: Powering your everyday phone.
  • Laptops: Providing extended usage.
  • Electric vehicles: Enabling long-range driving.

Practical Insights:

  • Temperature: Li-ion batteries work best at moderate temperatures. Extreme heat or cold can reduce their performance and lifespan.
  • Storage: It's best to store Li-ion batteries at a partially charged state (around 40-50%). Avoid fully charging or completely discharging them for long periods.

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